IRA recharacterization

If you made a contribution to a Roth IRA or traditional IRA, you can switch the type of IRA by doing a recharacterization through October 15 of the year after you made the original contribution. This treats the contribution as if it was made to the other type of IRA in the first place. This is useful for correcting a contribution that you later discovered you were not allowed to make or it went into the wrong kind of IRA.

Until 2017, you could also recharacterize a Roth IRA conversion from a traditional IRA, but this is no longer allowed for conversions made in 2018 or later.

Timing of recharacterization
To clarify the timing of conversions and recharacterization, keep in mind that conversions are made within a calendar year, for example between January 1 and December 31, 2012. The tax on this conversion will be due on the April 15, 2013 tax filing date. The conversion can be recharacterized up to the October 15, 2013 six-month extension period that the IRS grants taxpayers. If you recharacterize a conversion, you cannot re-convert the same money in the year of the original conversion, nor within 30 days after the recharacterization. See the quote box on the right for an extended illustration. For the timing in the case where an excess Roth contribution was made in one year, for example in 2016, it can be recharacterized to a traditional IRA up to October 15, 2017, the six-month extension period for filing 2016 returns. In this case, the contribution to the traditional IRA can be converted to Roth as soon as the day following the recharacterization.

How to recharacterize
To make a recharacterization, notify the custodian of the IRA (Vanguard, for example) which transaction you want to recharacterize. The amount which is recharacterized will be adjusted by them for any earnings or losses on the IRA since the conversion or contribution; your custodian computes the earnings for you and transfers the proper amount to the other type of IRA. However, for tax purposes, it is treated as if the original amount was contributed; for example, if you contributed $5000 to a Roth IRA, the Roth IRA declined in value to $4000, and you recharacterize the contribution as a Traditional IRA contribution and are eligible for a deduction, you may deduct $5000 as an IRA contribution for the year.

If you filed your tax return by April 15 of the year following the contribution (or applied for an extension at the time), you may recharacterize until October 15 of that year. If you recharacterize after April 15, write "Filed pursuant to section 301.9100-2" on your amended return.

The recharacterization may change your taxes for the year of the original contribution, even if you recharacterized in the following year. If you have already filed a tax return for the year of the contribution, you must file an amended return. If you undid a 2017 or earlier conversion, or recharacterized a Roth IRA contribution as a deductible IRA contribution, you will receive a refund. If you recharacterized a deductible IRA contribution as a Roth IRA contribution, you will owe extra tax. If you recharacterized a non-deductible IRA to a Roth IRA or vice versa, your tax owed will not change, but you still need to amend the return to correct your IRS Form 8606, Nondeductible IRAs. (In this case, Form 8606 may be mailed in by itself since there was no change to the taxes owed.)

If you recharacterize a conversion, you cannot re-convert the same money in the year of the original conversion, nor within 30 days after the recharacterization.

Market declines after conversion
If the value of your IRA decreases after a conversion, you can recharacterize the conversion, avoiding the tax on the original conversion, and then convert the IRA at a lower value for a lower tax bill. This is the most common way to save taxes with a recharacterization. This will be disallowed starting in 2018.

Example: You converted a $10,000 IRA to a Roth in April 2008, and expected to pay $2500 tax on the conversion because you were in a 25% tax bracket. In March 2009, your Roth has lost 40% of its value since the conversion. You recharacterize the conversion, and no longer owe any tax on it for 2008, leaving you with $6000 in the original IRA. In April 2009 (at least 31 days later), with the IRA now worth $7000, you convert it again; you will owe $1750 in taxes for 2009 on the conversion, saving $750 in taxes.

Converting exactly to the top of a tax bracket
You can recharacterize part of a conversion, and use this to optimize your taxes owed by spreading your conversion over multiple years, doing it all in the same tax bracket. You convert the most you could expect to be able to convert in the lower bracket, and then once you find the top of the tax bracket you want to be in, you recharacterize the part of the conversion that would be in a higher tax bracket, postponing it until a future year when you expect to convert it again in a lower bracket. This will be disallowed starting in 2018.

Example: You converted a $20,000 IRA to a Roth in October 2009. In March 2010, while doing your 2009 taxes, you found that you could convert $12,000 in the 15% tax bracket but anything above that would be in the 25% bracket. You recharacterize $8000 of the conversion, and thus owe $1800 rather than $3800 in taxes. In April 2010 (at least 31 days later), you convert it again, expecting to be in the 15% tax bracket for 2010. If the account is still worth $8000, you pay $1200 in taxes and save $800; even if it has grown to $10,000, you pay $1500 in taxes and save $500.

Changing type of IRA contribution
If you contributed to a deductible IRA and its value rose, you can benefit by recharacterizing rather than converting directly to a Roth. If you converted to a Roth IRA and its value fell, you can benefit by recharacterizing if you are eligible for a traditional IRA. This is still allowed under the 2018 tax law.

Example: You contributed $5000 to a deductible Traditional IRA in March 2009, and expected to reduce your taxes by $1250 because you were in a 25% tax bracket. In January 2010, with the Traditional IRA now worth $7000, you decide that a Roth IRA would have been better. If you convert the Traditional IRA to a Roth, you would get a $1250 tax reduction for 2009 but owe $1750 on the conversion for 2010. But if you recharacterize the 2009 contribution as a Roth contribution, you save $500 in taxes.

Example: You contributed $5000 to a Roth IRA in April 2007 even though you were eligible for a deductible IRA. In October 2008, your Roth has lost 40% of its value. You recharacterize the contribution, then worth $3,000, as a Traditional IRA contribution, filing an amended return, and receive a $1250 refund because you are are in a 25% tax bracket. You wait until January 2009 in order to postpone taxes for another year, then convert the Traditional IRA, which is still worth $3000, back to a Roth IRA; you will owe $750 in taxes for 2009 on the conversion, saving $500 in taxes.

Different tax brackets
If you can undo a taxable conversion or contribution and redo it in a year in which you are in a lower tax bracket, you may benefit even if the market does not move. Starting in 2018, you can undo a contribution, but not a conversion.

Example: You contributed $5,000 to a Roth in 2016, when you were in the 25% bracket. When doing your taxes in February 2017, you learn that your income was too high to contribute to a Roth. You expect little income in 2017 and decide to pay the taxes at your lower 10% rate instead. Since you didn't have access to an employer retirement plan in 2016, you recharacterize the contribution to a traditional IRA and take a deduction on your 2016 tax return, saving $1,250 in taxes. In February 2017, the traditional IRA is worth $5,300 so you then convert it back to the Roth a few days later and pay $530 on the conversion. You saved $720 in taxes.

Example: You converted a $10,000 IRA to a Roth in July 2017, paying $2500 tax because you were in a 25% tax bracket. In August 2018, the Roth is still worth $10,000, but you realize that you will be in a 12% tax bracket for 2018 even if you add $10,000 to your 2018 income. So you then recharacterize the 2017 conversion and file an amended 2017 return to get the $2500 back. In September 2018 (at least 31 days later), you reconvert the IRA, which is still worth $10,000, and will owe only $1200 in tax on the conversion for 2018, saving $1300 in taxes. (This will no longer be allowed for conversions after 2017.)

Missing the deadline
The IRS will consider relief for taxpayers who belatedly discover that they are ineligible for making a contribution, especially when these are errors made in good faith, and are reported prior to the IRS uncovering the error (under Reg.301.9100-1).

Furthermore, both the Congress and the IRS sometimes grant extensions for disaster relief for victims of disasters.