User:Fyre4ce/Managing a windfall

A windfall, in personal finance, is defined as an amount of money that a person gets unexpectedly. Windfalls can range in magnitude from small additions to an individual's wealth to a significant increase in fortune. Since a large windfall almost invariably means huge changes in a recipient's life, psychological and emotional factors are often the most important factors determining outcomes. The National Endowment for Financial Education advises windfall recipients to take the following course of action.

Do nothing rash. Set aside one year's living expenses and place the rest of the windfall into low risk investments (FDIC insured accounts, money market funds, treasury bills) for one year. As it may take as long as five years for the windfall recipient to adjust to a new life, this pause provides a chance for emotions to cool, helps avoid impulsive behavior, and, if warranted, allows the recipient time to put together a team of professional advisers. Then, create a detailed plan to meet your highest priority financial goals, and track your progress over the years.

Common sources of windfalls
Windfalls come in many forms. Here are some common types:


 * Legal settlements : Settlements include personal injury settlements, settlements involving workers compensation and settlements of employment discrimination. Settlements are taken as either a lump sum or, alternately, as a structured settlement of annuity payments.
 * Inheritances: These can often involve retirement accounts and assets held in trust.
 * Gifts: These can range from annual gift exclusions up to the lifetime estate taxation credit limit.
 * Lottery winnings: Taken as a series of payments; or as the sales value of payments exchanged for a lump sum.
 * Insurance settlements: These can be in the form of death benefits received as either a lump sum or annuity; as pre-death cash surrender values; or as life settlements, the sale of a life insurance policy by the owner to a third party in exchange for a lump sum.
 * Retirement lump sums: Usually taken in lieu of a lifetime series of annuity payments
 * Sudden increases in income: These can come in the form of bonus payments; stock options; or cashing shares in an IPO.

While not being external sources of new wealth, other common sources of receiving large lump sums include the following:
 * A real estate sale
 * The sale of a business
 * Widowhood and divorce

Sales of businesses and real estate involve the conversion of an illiquid asset into large sums of fungible cash. Death and divorce not only cause dislocation and trauma, but often result in suddenly thrusting an individual who has had little or no interest or no experience in investing, into the position of managing family wealth.

Size of a windfall
Windfall sizes vary dramatically. A small windfall might bring you a step closer to your financial goals, a bigger one may make you financially independent, and an enormous windfall might be more money than you ever imagined spending. Windfall size is somewhat relative to your income and assets; what would be a life-changing amount of money for one person might be only accelerate someone else's mortgage payoff by a few years. Some thresholds are more absolute; financial planners generally agree such as the federal estate tax exemption ($11.58M for singles and $23.16M for married couples as of 2020 ); financial planners generally agree that additional planning is necessary with assets above this level.

This wiki page will intends to provide guidance for windfalls that are relatively large compared to one's income and assets, and entail significant lifestyle changes and the need for additional planning. The guidance presented is intended to apply to a wide variety of windfall types, sources, and absolute sizes. Readers are encouraged to consider the guidance that applies to their individual situation.

Common pitfalls
Among windfall recipients, common errors of commission include:


 * quitting one's job prematurely
 * buying extravagantly priced automobiles or properties, or engaging in other expensive consumption spending
 * feeling overconfident about one's business or investing acumen, resulting in jumping into new high risk investments (such as hedge funds) or as an "angel" investor in start-up companies
 * falling prey to overcomplicated estate and investment management schemes. Be on the alert for people who may be trying to exploit you or take advantage of your new wealth. It’s important to recognize that you can be a target for all kinds of financial schemes.
 * by being too generous to family, friends, and charities

Common errors of omission include failing to:


 * pay the legally required taxes
 * choose risk-appropriate investments and earn a reasonable return on invested capital
 * utilize appropriate accounts such as retirement plans
 * engage with the right professionals
 * set up the appropriate plans, including estate plans

Preparing
These initial steps will help put you in a position to manage a life-changing amount of money:

Take your time
Finance authorities are in agreement that avoiding immediate impulse decisions is key to prudent management of the windfall situation. Among the recommendations for this period are the following:
 * Tell as few people as possible. Unfortunately, even those close to you may become resentful or solicit you for gifts when they hear about your windfall. You can always tell people later on when you've had time to consider the effect that information may have on your relationships.
 * Set aside six months to one year's worth of expenses in a transaction account such as your checking account. Place the remaining windfall assets in separate accounts holding secure low-risk savings vehicles, such as FDIC guaranteed bank accounts and CDs, money market funds, and treasury bills.
 * Use this period of time to begin resolving emotional, family, and social issues. Different sources of windfall, such as the death of a loved one, may have powerful emotional consequences that you should focus on addressing, while spending minimal time worrying about finances. Coming to terms with your emotions will allow you to make better financial decisions.
 * Hire a competent and unbiased tax professional, such as Certified Public Accountant (CPA), if you don't already have one. Estimated taxes may need to be filed. Complex tax issues may surround distributions from retirement plans, inheritances, and lottery winnings, as well as the exercise of stock options. If you're not sure if your windfall has tax consequences, many tax professionals will be willing to give you a free consultation, and prefer someone who doesn't sell investment products.
 * If you have more complex finance issues that should not wait at least 6-12 months, look for a CFP with a Professional Finance Specialist (PFS) designation to provide immediate financial guidance. Urgent financial issues include needing to decide whether to receive a lump sum or annuity stream, having a large amount of high-interest debt, or facing imminent eviction, foreclosure, or collection action due to delinquent debts. The goal isn't to begin putting your money to work, but rather to reduce stress and distractions by stabilizing your financial situation. Only make the minimum payments that will allow you to focus on the future, and don't redirect payments from paid-off debts to more spending.

Think about goals
Begin to think about long term goals, with more focus on the life you would like to create and (for now) less focus about how to achieve it. Some ideas for goals that may be meaningful:


 * Retiring, either in the short or long term
 * Changing jobs
 * Starting a business
 * Going back to school, either to pursue a new career or just for enjoyment
 * Saving money for benefit of a loved one (529 plan for education, trust fund, helping pay for a wedding or house down payment, etc.)
 * Moving to another city, or country
 * Paying off debts
 * Certain consumer purchases
 * Purchasing real estate
 * Traveling
 * Taking up a new hobby
 * Growing your family
 * Donating to charity
 * Volunteering your time

Even a very large windfall will likely not be enough to fully fund all or even most of these goals, so it's important to prioritize your goals, both in terms of overall priority, and the time it will take you to reach them. Many financial novices are surprised how little of a windfall they are actually able to spend immediately. For example, a $1M windfall will only generate about $30-40,000 per year of investment income over the long run, so initial spending will need to be limited so the windfall can provide a lasting improvement in lifestyle. Specific goals, and allocation of money toward them, will be formalized later in a written financial plan.

Get educated
Like it or not, you now have a new job (in addition to any other jobs you may already have) - learning how to manage money. Whether or not you are inclined to "do-it-yourself", you will need at least the knowledge necessary to evaluate financial professionals. Educating yourself on personal finance and investing will likely be, by far, the most money you will ever "earn" per hour, if it makes the difference between lifelong prosperity and a fortune squandered within a few years.


 * Read some recommended books on personal finance and investing. Reading at least three, that cover the topics of personal finance and investing, would be a good start.
 * Browse the rest of the Bogleheads wiki. Many pages are meant to be accessible to those with little or no investing experience.

Get help
Unless you are already an experienced investor, it may be beneficial to hire a professional to help you manage your money. Should you decide to use an adviser, the authors of The Bogleheads' Guide to Investing (Chapter 16, p.193: Wiley. ISBN 978-0471730330) recommend choosing an adviser who has earned a CFA (Chartered Financial Analyst) or a CFP (Chartered Financial Planner) designation; uses a fee-only payment arrangement; and advocates an index fund investing approach. The fee-only compensation structure minimizes the advisor's conflicts of interest with respect to your financial success. A good financial advisor should be able to do the following:

You can get free portfolio reviews and answers to personal finance questions on the Bogleheads forums. Most forum members are not finance professionals, but are nonetheless experienced investors, and as a whole have managed an enormous range of income and assets.
 * Calculate whether it is better to receive a lump sum or annuity stream of payments from a settlement, lottery winning, or retirement package
 * Strategize about how to minimize taxes owed
 * Recommend an investment strategy
 * Recommend any additional types of insurance you may need, or what current types of insurance you hold may no longer be needed
 * Determine whether you need to enlist an estate planning attorney

Creating a plan
Financial planning is a long-term process of managing your finances so you can achieve your goals and dreams, while at the same time negotiating the financial barriers that inevitably arise in every stage of life. Fundamentally, the process for financial planning after receiving a windfall is the same as in any other situation. The only differences are:


 * Larger amounts of money increase the relative importance of certain aspects of financial planning, such as tax planning and tax-efficient investing, minimizing investment costs, asset protection, and estate planning.
 * The windfall recipient is often thrust into a situation where they're required to manage a large amount of money without having the necessary skills, knowledge, and experience.
 * Serious emotional impacts often surround windfalls, which must be dealt with concurrently with financial planning.
 * The consequences of financial mistakes are higher, in terms of absolute dollars, with larger amounts of money.

The core of the financial planning process is matching your goals, and the financial resources they will likely require, with your available resources, which can come from your present resources, but also future investment proceeds and any future earnings. This matching will require knowledge of the costs of your goals (both up-front and ongoing), how much of your available funds will need to go to taxes, and expected returns on various types of investments. The end product of this process is a detailed financial plan that lists your goals, describes when and how you expect to meet them, and that is robust to factors beyond your control, such as job loss, unexpected expenses, and market swings. A complete financial plan should address all of the following areas:

Work/Income and Education
If you are currently working, plan how long you will continue to work. If retirement is a high priority, and your windfall allows you to live off investment income with a safe withdrawal rate (typically 3-4%), then you may be able to retire immediately. If you continue to work, include your expected future income in your financial plan.

The windfall may provide you the opportunity to change jobs, start your own business, or get additional training that would enable a new career, so consider whether these options are desirable.

Location
Decide where you would like to live, and include in your plan costs with moving and residing there. Typically the largest financial factors connected to location are available jobs, cost of living (particularly housing), state and local taxes, and proximity to family (which can affect travel and childcare costs).

Your plan should include a location while working (if appropriate), and while retired. Differences in income tax rates can affect traditional versus Roth decisions.

Spending
Create a written budget that includes allocations for meaningful categories of expense (food, transportation, etc.), and has some cushion for unexpected changes. Everyone needs a budget, no matter how much money they have.

Include any immediate or planned future purchases, such as replacing an aging car immediately, or when it will reach the end of its life, and include saving for future purchases in the plan.

Consider both the up-front and ongoing costs of purchases. For example, windfall recipients often do not consider the ongoing costs associated with expensive properties (property tax, maintenance, utilities, cleaning) or vehicles (fuel, insurance, maintenance, storage for the winter, etc.), which can be substantial.

Resist the temptation to spend a significant portion of a windfall on short-term consumption spending. The enjoyment you'll get from investing and spending the windfall over a long period of time, and the comfort from having financial security, will likely far outweigh that from any consumer purchases.

Accounts
Understand the different types of tax-advantaged accounts available to you (401(k), IRA, HSA, 529 plan, Defined benefit pension plan, etc.) and plan on using those that give you the greatest advantage.

While variable annuities (VAs) are usually high-fee products marketed by commissioned salespeople, which are inferior to tax-advantaged accounts and taxable accounts and are best avoided. However, low-cost VAs can make sense for some windfall recipients. If you receive a large lump sum windfall that cannot be rolled over into an IRA, and you intend to invest in tax-inefficient investments, a low-cost VA will allow you to defer taxes on interest, dividends, and capital gains. The tax deferral may offset the VA fees, which are around 0.5%/year for a good low-cost VA, such as from Vanguard. See: performance comparison between non-deductible IRAs and taxable accounts (non-deductible IRAs have the same tax structure as VAs). If you think a low-cost VA may be appropriate for you, consult with a third party fee-only financial advisor, who can help you with the analysis and make sure the VA you're considering is well-suited for you and not fee-laden.

Make sure any withdrawal restrictions (eg. penalties for non-qualified withdrawals from a 401(k) or IRA before age 59½) fit into your overall financial plan.

Investments
Investing capital, and earning a good rate of return for an appropriate level of risk, is an essential component of almost all financial plans. Appropriate investments are strongly dependent on the time horizon of the goal being saved for. For example:
 * Short-term goals, within the next 3 years, should be saved for using low-risk and low-volatility investments, such as savings accounts, money market accounts or funds, certificates of deposit (CDs), or short-term bonds.
 * Medium-term goals, in the 3-10 year range, can be saved for with slightly more volatile investments, such as intermediate-term bonds, and could include a small percentage of stocks.
 * Long-term goals, 10 or more years away, can contain higher-volatility higher-return investments like stocks and real estate.

Other key factors for choosing investments are need and willingness to take risk, and the consequences of falling short; see asset allocation for a more detailed discussion.

Stock and bond investments should generally be purchased through low-cost passive mutual funds for diversification, reduced costs, and higher tax efficiency in a taxable account. Avoid purchasing individual stocks, due to the high volatility and risk of permanent loss.

Windfall recipients should be especially cautious with high-risk investments (private equity, startup companies, etc.) that have a significant possibility of a total loss. Most windfall recipients don't have the necessary experience to properly evaluate high-risk investments, and also don't have the need for higher than market returns. Windfall recipients are also often the targets of bad investments or scams, so limiting investments to diversified funds from respectable institutions reduces this risk.

Once you have made your investment decisions these should be formalized in an Investment policy statement (IPS) or Investment plan.

Debts
All financial plans should include a list of all current debts and a plan to pay them off. Medium- and high-interest debts, such as credit card debts, should be paid off quickly. See also: Paying down loans versus investing.

Most windfall recipients should prioritize eliminating all debts, even low-interest ones, because the balance versus investing favors paying down debts more strongly than for more normal investors, for these reasons:
 * Money put toward debt can't later be inappropriately spent, or lost to bad investments or civil judgments.
 * Once a debt is paid off, cash flow improves as a required monthly payment is eliminated. This is especially valuable when the windfall is a lump sum.
 * The most common reason to invest instead of paying down a debt is the possibility for a higher return than the debt's interest cost. However, most windfall recipients are investment novices who are less likely to reliably generate high returns from their investments. This makes the protection of principal plus guaranteed "return" of paying down a debt more attractive in comparison.
 * Windfall recipients have less need to earn a high return, so the guaranteed "return" of paying off debts is more likely to be adequate.

Similarly, windfall recipients should avoid taking on new debts (for example, a large mortgage on an expensive new home), because servicing that debt will require good financial behavior over a much longer period of time, with many more opportunities for mistakes.

Taxes
Due to the progressive nature of the US income tax code, taxes become a more important element of financial planning with larger income and assets. Most windfall recipients will be able to reduce lifetime taxes with some basic tax planning. Common legal methods of reducing taxes include:
 * Optimally timing the exercise of incentive stock options, sale of stock, etc.
 * If applicable, appropriate choice of a lump-sum or periodic payment
 * Maximizing use of tax-advantaged accounts
 * Appropriate choice of traditional versus Roth tax structures
 * Investing in municipal bonds and/or tax-managed funds if the expected after-tax return is higher than standard investments
 * Taking advantage of step-up in basis and donating appreciated shares to charity
 * Tax loss harvesting and, if appropriate tax gain harvesting
 * Tax-efficient fund placement
 * Appropriately-timed Roth conversions
 * Relocating to a low-tax or tax-free state, especially when withdrawing from tax-deferred accounts.

Avoid tax evasion schemes, including IRS listed transactions and offshore tax shelters, because these have a high risk of legal problems and IRS levies. Many scams are marketed as tax shelters too. Windfall recipients shouldn't need to take on these high risks in order to meet their financial goals.

Insurance
As one's assets increase, most financial experts recommend increasing liability insurance limits. Large assets, especially if others know or can find out, make you a more attractive target for lawsuits, so more protection is warranted. High limits on the liability portions of renter's, homeowner's, and auto policies are the best place to start. For more coverage, umbrella insurance provides millions of dollars of additional liability coverage, which stacks on top of other policies.

More assets mean that insurance deductibles can be raised. There's no need to pay higher premiums on a $250 or $500 deductible when a large reserve of assets can cover a $1,000 or $2,500 payment.

Reconsider the need for life insurance and disability insurance. If your heirs would be able to sustain an acceptable standard of living on the assets you have, you don't need life insurance. Likewise, if you could maintain a decent standard of living for yourself and your family on your assets with no income, you don't need disability insurance. Canceling these policies will save premium costs.

Long-term care insurance is not necessary if the windfall allows you to self-insure against the risk.

Permanent life insurance (including whole life, cash value life, indexed universal life, and others) is a hybrid insurance/investing financial product that is often marketed to high net worth individuals. In reality, the products have high fees and low liquidity, and are not ideal for either life insurance or investing; they are only appropriate for very rare situations. It's probably best to simply avoid permanent life insurance, but if you think it would be appropriate, get a second opinion from a third party fee-only financial advisor (preferably a fiduciary CFP or CFA advisor), and shop around from several insurance companies to make sure you get the best deal.

If you have put off buying any essential insurance (health and liability, and homeowner's, professional/malpractice, life and/or disability if appropriate), take this opportunity to fix this part of your financial picture.

Emergency Funds
Many Americans do not have nearly enough in low-risk liquid savings, and face the stress of knowing that a brief drop in income or an unexpected expense can put them into financial insolvency. More than anything, your windfall should be used to create financial security. Most finance experts recommend keeping 3-6 months (roughly the length of a typical unemployment after a job loss) of living expenses in low-risk savings under normal circumstances. If your windfall is large, it could make sense to increase this amount to 6-12 months of expenses, or more, depending on your individual situation and risk tolerance.

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insures bank accounts up to $250,000. If you are going to keep more than this amount in a bank account, consider dividing it among several accounts to keep your balance under this limit.

Asset Protection
Asset protection is a branch of financial planning that seeks to protect assets from potential creditor claims. For the majority of high net worth individuals, simple and inexpensive asset protection techniques and good financial behaviors in general will provide more than adequate protection:
 * Keep comprehensive liability insurance with high limits
 * Maximize use of tax-advantaged accounts
 * Pay off debts, and especially your mortgage if home equity is protected from creditors in your state
 * Avoid activities likely to create liability (risky driving habits, keeping dangerous dog breeds, letting your teenager's friends borrow your boat, etc.)
 * Minimize spending on flashy, expensive items that advertise your wealth
 * Title joint assets as Tenants of the Entirety (in states where allowed)
 * Keep potentially liability-generating assets, such as rental properties, inside a Limited Liability Corporation (LLC)
 * Divorce is the most common cause of loss of assets, so choose a spouse that shares your values, and invest the time and energy into the relationship necessary to keep it healthy. Consider whether a pre-nuptial or post-nuptial agreement is appropriate for your situation; they often are when there is a significant disparity in assets in a marriage, and for second or third marriages.

More complex and expensive asset protection techniques, such as offshore trusts, cost tens of thousands of dollars to set up, and thousands of dollars per year to maintain. They are also far from iron-clad, and even their proponents concede that they are intended to only dissuade potential lawsuits rather than provide reliable protection. The cost/benefit trade-off is not favorable for most individuals.

Giving
Charitable giving can be a meaningful part of a financial plan. Especially if your windfall is large enough to at least cover your basic needs for the rest of your life, strongly consider at least some charitable giving for these reasons:
 * It can enrich your life and be incredibly rewarding to help those less fortunate than you
 * Giving can change your perspective on your new wealth for the better, and even help teach good financial management behaviors that will make your windfall last much longer. For example, rather than viewing money as something to be hoarded or spent on fleeting pleasures, you can grow to view it as a powerful force that can be applied to create good in your and your family's life, and in your community. Adopting a stewardship perspective on your windfall will create a positive experience when you give to promote your values, and will also encourage you to preserve and manage your windfall to last a lifetime.
 * Charitable gifts are tax-deductible, so charitable giving can be significantly (although not completely) offset by tax savings.

Consider giving money to family or friends who you would consider leaving in your will during your lifetime. With life expectancies what they are today, your children could easily be well into their 70's by the time you pass away, many decades past when they would be able to put a gift to the best use. Giving during your lifetime, as opposed to after you die, also lets you enjoy seeing the positive effects of those gifts.

While giving to family, friends, and charities can be immensely rewarding, take care of yourself first. While your windfall may seem like more money than you will ever need, progressive tax rates and the need for a low safe withdrawal rate may mean you have far less money available on an ongoing basis than you first imagined. It's okay to give, but it should be prioritized against other goals and included in a comprehensive plan.

Estate Planning
Estate planning is the branch of financial planning dealing with preparing for one's own death and the associated distribution of assets, and also planning for one's own incapacity. Major goals of estate planning usually include:
 * Ensuring that your financial affairs are managed the way you want them to, in the event you become temporarily or permanently incapacitated
 * Ensuring that medical decisions are made in accordance with your wishes, if you are not able to make them yourself
 * Ensuring that your assets are distributed the way you want after you die
 * Avoiding probate, which is expensive, time-consuming, and creates a public record of your assets
 * Minimizing taxes (income tax, estate tax, gift tax, inheritance tax, capital gains tax, etc.). As of 2020, the estate tax exemption is $11.58M for individuals and $23.16M for married couples. Assets above these levels will probably require additional planning.
 * Arranging for guardians for any dependents in the event of your death or incapacity

Trusts are common in estate planning, especially when large amounts of money are involved. Appropriate uses of trusts include:
 * Requiring assets to be spent in a particular way that aligns with your values, for example, allowing trust funds to be spent only on higher education
 * Distributing assets over a long period of time, rather than all at once, for example, to reduce the chance of mismanagement for a minor child or an heir without the capacity to manage a large amount of money
 * Avoiding estate tax (this was a common purpose of A-B trusts before the estate tax exemption became portable between spouses ).

Estate laws are state-specific, so consult an attorney in your state who specializes in estate planning. A good estate planning attorney will work with you to determine your needs in all these different areas, and create the documents and trust you need to execute your estate plan.

Monitor progress and make necessary adjustments
At least once per year, check your your progress toward your goals, and consider the following checks and adjustments:
 * Check your actual spending against your planned budget. The tendency to gradually increase one's spending is known as lifestyle creep. If you find your actual spending significantly exceeds your plan, evaluate the reasons why, and either reduce spending on the items that provide the least value, or adjust your financial plan to include higher spending. Raising your spending could delay or prevent you from reaching certain financial goals.
 * Monitor the performance of your investments and rebalance as necessary. Avoid any temptation to panic-sell either at market highs or lows. Stay the course.
 * Stay up-to-date on changes in tax laws, and change tax strategy if necessary.
 * Reevaluate your insurance needs, and shop around with other insurance companies to make sure you are getting the lowest rates on policies, especially if your situation has changed significantly.
 * Reevaluate your estate plan. Beneficiaries may need to be changed, new trusts may need to be created, or old trusts may no longer be necessary. Estate tax laws also change frequently, so changes may be needed to avoid taxes.

Avoid the temptation to tinker with your plan and investments unnecessarily. Hot new investments often get covered by the press and on social media, usually after their price has been run up on speculation. Buying into the top of a bubble usually means you'll lose a lot of money when the bubble bursts. If you think your investment plan needs a change, it's probably worth a consultation with a fee-only financial advisor.