Emergency fund

An emergency fund is money set aside for unexpected expenses and kept separate from retirement or other investments. The quantity of emergency funds is usually specified as an integer multiple of monthly expenses, e.g., six months to one year's worth of expenses. Emergency funds should be invested in a highly liquid, low risk vehicle (e.g., money market, bank savings account).

The goal of the emergency fund is to provide a cushion of liquidity in the event of unexpected expenses or of a loss of regular income due to unemployment.

It is generally best to establish a modest emergency fund and pay down high-interest-rate debt (such as credit card debt) before investing for longer range goals such as retirement, college expenses or a home down payment.

Controversially, some argue that an emergency fund can also provide security against having to sell longer term investments at inopportune times (e.g. selling equities during down markets); those advocating this approach generally recommend much larger emergency funds. Thus, for example, a U.S. News writer, in an article entitled a U.S. News writer "Increase Cash Reserves in Retirement", suggests that "3 to 6 months" living expenses for workers, but "at least a year" for retirees, because "the average length of a bear market is around a year and a half, so two years worth of cash reserves is likely to be a prudent amount." This is closely related to the buckets strategy.

Multi-tiered Emergency Fund
By far the most common emergency that would require dipping into the emergency fund is the loss of a job. Since in such a scenario you will not need all the funds at once, some investors seek to have multiple tiers of emergency fund so that funds not needed for several months can be placed in short-term bonds (including CDs) to earn higher yield.

Those investment products include very short-term Treasury bills, as well as CDs (which often have embedded options which allow them to be cashed in at any time for a small penalty). I Bonds, which after some period can be cashed in at no cost, can also form a part of this second tier of emergency fund.

For instance, a multi-tiered emergency fund could consist of:
 * 1) Three months of expenses in cash (bank account or money market fund)
 * 2) The next three months of expenses in CDs with the option to cash them in for three months of interest
 * 3) The next three months of expenses in a short-term Treasury bond fund.  Selling these would  risk incurring some loss of principal due to interest rate changes, but since the odds of needing to rely on your emergency fund for more than six months are slim, some would consider this an acceptable compromise.

Cash Emergency Fund vs Line of Credit
Some people view various forms of credit (particularly HELOCs ) as suitable for emergency funds; others strongly disagree. Credit lines can often be withdrawn with little or no notice, and some emergencies which require drawing on the emergency fund may also cause a creditor to question your ability to repay.

Roth IRA as an emergency fund
In some situations, a Roth IRA can be used as emergency fund. Contributions (that is, the money that you put into your Roth) can come out at any time, free of taxes and penalties. This is not true of earnings on your contributions, which are subject to more complex rules. See IRS Publication 590 and the Instructions for Form 5329.

It is also possible to withdraw penalty-free (but not tax-free) from a traditional IRA for certain excepted emergencies and major life events. See IRS Publication 590.

A Roth IRA is primarily intended for retirement, not to store emergency funds. One should consider the impact to portfolio allocations and potential custodial costs. There are behavioral considerations, as well. If a choice is to be made between funding a Roth IRA and an emergency fund, a Roth IRA can be used as an emergency fund in the appropriate situation.