Vanguard Developed Markets Index Fund (VDVIX) tax distributions

The Vanguard Tax-Managed International Fund is a very suitable candidate for placement in taxable accounts. The fund is specifically designed for taxable accounts (the mutual fund shares are not allowed in IRA accounts.) The fund tracks the MSCI EAFE index of developed market international stocks and is one of four broadly diversified passively managed Vanguard international funds.



When dividing international allocations among regional index funds in taxable accounts, an investor will need to occasionally rebalance the allocation in a tax efficient manner, and should remain aware of any opportunities to  harvest tax losses. Because the mutual fund share classes (investor and institutional) of the Tax-Managed International fund impose a 1% redemption fee on funds invested for less than five years, an investor should consider holding the ETF share class of the fund, if the total costs, including transaction costs, of using the ETF are advantageous. The fund allows no cost tax-free conversions to ETF shares, so if one wants to harvest a loss inside the five year redemption fee period, one can convert to the ETF and avoid the redemption fee.

Keep in mind that Vanguard calculates redemption fees on a first in first out (FIFO) basis, even if you specify lots in another way for tax accounting. Thus, once you have held a large number of shares in the fund for more than five years, you will only pay a redemption fee if your sales exceed the number of shares held more than five years.

The following tables provide long term data on the fund's history of both dividend and capital gains distributions. The first table also provides the historical distribution of qualified dividends and an estimate of the foreign tax credit. The second table provides a database of the fund's accounting figures: the annual level of realized and distributed gains; its level of unrealized gains and loss carryforwards; as well as the annual in-kind redemption gains the fund has realized. These figures highlight the level of a fund's tax liabilities.

Because both manager turnover of securities inside the portfolio and investor turnover of fund shares can affect the level of gains realization, a third table provides historical turnover ratios.

Distributions
The Vanguard Tax-Managed International Fund, in keeping with its tax management mandate, has not distributed a capital gain in its history. Since the advent in 2004 of the qualified dividend tax preference, the fund has provided 100% qualified dividends to its investors.
 * FY 1999 - fund inception, dividends annualized.
 * FY 2002 - MSCI transitions to "free-float" market weighting.
 * FY 2008 - introduction of ETF (Euro-Pacific) shares.

Accounting statistics
The accounting figures and associated ratios (tables 3 and 4) can help one visualize some of the major determinants of a fund’s tendency to distribute taxable gains. These determining features include:

Turnover: The rate at which a fund manager sells securities within the fund has a major effect on potential gains realization. Single digit annual fund turnover percentages result in a low rate of realized gains. Similarly, fund shareholders' sales flows have major effects on a fund’s distribution tendencies. Net flows into the fund have the following effects:


 * 1) Constant inflows allow a fund manager to purchase a wide range of price lots for shares. The manager can select high basis shares when forced to sell a stock (this may realize a loss). The manager can also select low basis shares when redeeming a stock in-kind (a non-taxable transaction that can remove an unrealized gain out of the portfolio.) This redemption technique is primarily employed with institutional creation and redemption of ETF shares.  Net inflows mean that shareholders are not forcing the manager to liquidate assets (and realize gains or losses) in order to meet redemptions. Large outflows can force such liquidation.
 * 2) A large and growing net asset base serves to diffuse any realized capital gains across a large base of shareholders and reduces the per share gain distribution. Large outflows have the opposite effect; any gains realized are spread across a smaller asset base and result in higher per share distributed gains.

The level of unrealized gains and carryover realized losses in a fund: Index funds defer gains realization and often accumulate significant unrealized appreciation, which if distributed, would be taxed; thus the unrealized gain/loss figure shows the potential gain (or loss) that would be realized if the portfolio was to be entirely liquidated. Any loss carryovers a fund possesses can be used to offset future realized gains (carryovers have an eight year expiration period).

Table 3.

Turnover
''Reference article: Average net assets

Table 4.

Tax rates
Mutual fund distributions will be taxed according to the tax laws governing the investment over the holding period of the investment, which are subject to change. The actual tax imposed will depend upon each individual's tax rate and the timing of purchases and sales. The federal tax rates applicable to mutual fund distributions and investor sales of securities for the period 2008 - 2012 are outlined below. Keep in mind that investment income may also be subject to state and local taxation.
 * 1) Short-term capital gains distributions are made from realized gains on securities held for one year or less. Short-term gains are taxed at ordinary income tax rates up to 35%. Mutual fund short-term gain distributions are included in a fund's ordinary dividend distribution; therefore, capital losses may not be subtracted from these distributions when computing taxes.
 * 2) Long-term capital gains distributions are made from realized gains on securities held for more than one year. Long-term gains are taxed at 0% for taxpayers in the 10% and 15% tax brackets and at 15% for taxpayers in the 25%, 28%, 33%, and 35% tax brackets. (These tax rates are mandated for 2008-2012.) They are reported on tax Schedule D along with any other capital gains, and can be reduced by capital losses.
 * 3) Qualified dividends are the ordinary dividends that are subject to the same 0% or 15% maximum tax rate that applies to net capital gain. They should be shown in box 1b of the Form 1099-DIV you receive. Qualified dividends are subject to the 15% rate if the regular tax rate that would apply is 25% or higher. If the regular tax rate that would apply is lower than 25%, qualified dividends are subject to the 0% rate.
 * 4) When you sell at a loss you will either offset capital gains which would have otherwise been taxed at your capital gains rate or you will offset income (up to $3,000 maximum per year) which would have otherwise been taxed at your marginal income tax rate, or both. If you offset capital gains that would have otherwise not been taxed at all (because your capital gains tax rate is 0%) then this part of the tax loss harvest may be an outright loss.

Tax analysis
As a tax-managed fund, the Vanguard Tax-Managed International Fund has met its mandate by not distributing taxable gains since inception, and by providing 100% qualified dividends since the establishment of the tax preference.

The annual fund accounting figures show that the fund turnover ratio usually stays in single digits. The MSCI EAFE Index, being a large and mid cap market index, can be expected to exhibit low turnover in future years. This low turnover can be attributed to the fact that stock migration out of the index can come in three dimensions:


 * 1) An individual company grows smaller and migrates out of the EAFE index into the Small Cap EAFE index;
 * 2) Merger and acquisition activity removes a stock from the index;
 * 3) A developed market country is reclassified from its status as a developed market and is placed into an Emerging market index.

Shareholder turnover, revealed in the Redemptions/Average Net Assets (R/ANA) metric, shows that shareholders have historically turned over their holdings in the fund at 5%-20% annual rates, suggesting average holding periods of between five and ten years.

The fund has received net inflows every year of its history. The fund's mutual fund shares have recorded net redemption over the 2008-2010 period. This period corresponds with a deep bear market (in FY 2008) which suggests redemption for tax loss harvesting purposes. In addition, Vanguard created ETF shares for the fund in 2007 and allows for a tax free conversion of mutual fund shares into ETF shares. These conversions are included in the mutual fund share redemption figure.

A look at realized net gains/losses shows that the fund has realized net losses over a plurality of its history. The fund has always had a loss carryforward position. Low fund and shareholder turnover should help retain most of these carryforward losses as offsets to potential future gains.

The following table presents the federal tax cost on the fund's historical distributions (see second tab, table 6.) under two scenarios: the current favorable tax rate regime (2010-2012) and under a higher tax regime (with dividends taxed at marginal rates and long term capital gains taxed at a maximum 20%). Keep in mind that distributions can also be subject to state and local taxation, with marginal rates ranging from 0% to 10.3% (an average 5% state tax rate will add an approximate 0.14% to the annual tax cost of holding the fund.) The average is based on the results from 2004-2010, the period comprising the qualified dividend tax regime. The 2004- 2010 average dividend yield is somewhat higher than the long term (1999 forward) fund average yield.

The table does not include the capital gains cost associated with selling the fund at a gain. This table indicates the additional cost for the capital-gains tax when you sell, assuming that you pay taxes on the distribution and reinvest the after-tax portion of the distribution; since it is a one-time cost, the effect is annualized. For example, if you hold an investment for 30 years and lose 10% to taxes when you sell, that is equivalent to losing 0.35% every year. Thus, if you sell the fund, your cost will be the sum of the Table 1 and Table 2 costs. However, you would not pay the Table 2 cost on any stock which you either leave to your heirs or donate to charity, and thus may not pay that cost on your full investment. In particular, you might estimate your total tax cost by using the low-return line in Table 2; if stock returns are high, you will have a large taxable account and will reduce the tax cost by taking longer to deplete it or by not spending it all during your lifetime.

Taxes are computed at a tax rate of 15% on long-term gains (except in the "rate rises to 20% column", which applies if that tax reduction is allowed to expire), and on qualified dividends (except in the "no QDI" column, which applies if the tax reduction on qualified dividends expires and the rate is 35%). The foreign tax credit is added to the dividend yield before computing taxes; for example, if a fund had $100 withheld in foreign taxes on dividends, and you pay $20 in taxes on the withheld dividends, you get a $100 credit for a net benefit of $80. Although not tabulated, keep in mind that investors in the lower tax brackets (15% or lower) pay lower federal tax rates on investment income for the period 2003 - 2012, and reap higher after-tax returns, outside of tax-exempt municipal bonds, in all asset classes.

Table 6.