Mutual fund history

Eighteenth Century
The history of the mutual fund can be traced to the thriving late 18th century markets in Amsterdam. In July of 1774, an Amsterdam broker by the name of Abraham van Ketwich offered on the market a diversified pooled security specifically designed for citizens of modest means. The security was known as a negotiatie, an instrument very similar to the present day closed-end fund. This first negotiatie, Eendragt Maakt Magt, invested in bonds issued by foreign governments and banks and in plantation loans in the West Indies. The issue was successful and van Ketwich introduced his second negotiatie, Concordia Res Parvae Crescunt in 1779, with more freedom in investment policy. The prospectus stated that the negotiatie would invest in "solid securities and those that based on decline in their price would merit speculation and could be purchased below their intrinsic values..." Concordia Res Parvae Crescunt existed for 114 years; in 1893 it was officially dissolved. During the 1780s and 1790s more that thirty negotiaties emerged to speculate on the future credit of the United States.

Nineteenth Century
When the pooled investment structure crossed over to the English markets in the nineteenth century it evolved into the investment trust, essentially a closed-end fund. The first investment trust, Foreign and Colonial Government Trust, was founded in 1868 in London. The trust invested in foreign government bonds. The most famous of these investment trusts was Robert Fleming's First Scottish American Investment Trust invested in U.S. railroad bonds. By the 1890s the investment trust had migrated to the American markets. The Boston Personal Property Trust, formed in 1893, was the first closed-end fund in the United States.

Twentieth Century
The 1920's saw the creation of the first open-end mutual fund, Massachusetts Investors' Trust in Boston, Massachusetts (1924). The fund went public in 1928, a year which also saw Scudder, Stevens and Clark launch the first no-load fund and the creation of the Wellington Fund, the first mutual fund to include a balanced portfolio of stocks and bonds. By 1929 there were 19 open-ended mutual funds competing with nearly 700 closed-end funds. The stock market crash of 1929 wiped out many highly-leveraged closed-end funds; the small open-end funds managed to survive. The ensuing round of 1930's financial legislation laid the groundwork for the contemporary mutual fund industry. The era saw the creation of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the passage of the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Investment Company Act of 1940 followed. The act set the legal framework for four types of registered investment companies in the United States:
 * Open-end investment companies (mutual funds);
 * Closed-end investment companies ( closed end funds);
 * Exchange-traded funds (ETFs);
 * Unit investment trusts (UITs).

Municipal bond funds SEC Initiatives
 * references for future sections

Timeline

 * 1774: Adriaan van Ketwich introduces the negotiatie Eendragt Maakt Magt, soon followed by Concordia Res Parvae Crescunt
 * 1863: Scottish Investment Trust
 * 1893: First American closed end fund, Boston Personal Property Trust
 * 1924: First American open end fund, Massachusetts Investors' Trust in Boston
 * 1928: First American no-load mutual fund, by the firm Scudder, Stevens and Clark
 * 1928: First American balanced fund, Wellington Fund
 * 1929: Market Crash
 * 1933: Securities Act of 1933
 * 1934: Securities Exchange Act of 1934
 * 1940: The Investment Company Act of 1940
 * 1971: Bruce R. Bent established the first money market fund in the U.S. The Reserve Fund
 * 1974: Creation of the Individual Retirement Account (IRA)
 * 1976: Municipal Bond Funds allowed by law
 * 1976: John Bogle oversees the creation of the first retail Index fund
 * 1981: Creation of the 401k plan
 * 1993: Creation of the Spider ETF
 * 2003: Mutual fund scandals
 * 2008: The Reserve Fund breaks the buck

Links

 * A Brief History Of The Mutual Fund, James E. McWhinney, Investopedia

Academic papers

 * Rouwenhorst, K. Geert, The Origins of Mutual Funds (December 12, 2004). Yale ICF Working Paper No. 04-48. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=636146
 * Swan, Claire, Female investors within the Scottish investment trust movement: Independent women or desperate housewives? University of Dundee, XIV International Economic History Congress (working paper). Available at http://www.helsinki.fi/iehc2006/papers3/Swan.pdf