Treasury Inflation Protected Security

Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS) are a type of notes and bonds issued by the U.S. Treasury. TIPS are unique because their principal and interest payments are indexed to the rate of inflation as measured by the Consumer Price Index. Therefore TIPS provide explicit inflation protection not offered by the other "nominal" bonds.

Note: I savings bonds (I Bonds) also provide inflation protection. I Bonds are considered alternatives to TIPS. See I Bonds vs TIPS for similarities and differences between the two instruments.

How it works
After a TIPS bond is issued, its principal is adjusted daily using the Non-Seasonally Adjusted U.S. City Average All Items Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U). If there is inflation, the adjusted principal goes up. If there is deflation, the adjusted principal goes down. When the bond matures, the U.S. Treasury pays the original or the adjusted principal, whichever is greater. The principal adjustment factor is called the Index Ratio. The adjusted principal is the original principal multiplied by the Index Ratio. After the CPI-U number is announced for the previous month, the Treasury Department publishes the daily index ratios for the following month. For example, the CPI-U number for May is announced in June. The inflation during the month of May is prorated in the Index Ratios throughout the month of July and reflected fully in the Index Ratio by the end of July. Therefore the inflation adjustment has a lag of two months.

Like regular bonds, a TIPS bond also pays interest twice a year. The semi-annual interest is calculated by multiplying the adjusted principal by one-half of the interest rate on the bond. For example, if a TIPS bond has a stated interest rate of 2% and the index ratio is 1.035 on the date of the interest payment date, a $1,000 bond will pay interest of

$1,000 * 1.035 * 2% / 2 = $10.35

If the index ratio goes to 1.050 on the next interest payment date six months later, the same bond will pay interest of

$1,000 * 1.050 * 2% / 2 = $10.50

If the index ratio goes to 0.985 on the next interest payment date another six months later, the same bond will pay interest of

$1,000 * 0.985 * 2% / 2 = $9.85

When there is inflation, both the TIPS principal and the interest payments go up with inflation. When there is deflation, both the TIPS principal and the interest payments go down with deflation. On the date of maturity, if the inflation adjusted principal value is below the original face value, the original face value will be paid.

Role in a portfolio
TIPS belong to the Bonds category. Their role in a portfolio is similar to that of other bonds. Because unexpected inflation is the biggest enemy of fixed income securities and because TIPS offer unique inflation protection, investors should consider including TIPS in their investment portfolio.

Another important aspect of TIPS is that it is expected to work as a good diversifier of the equity risk because it (and the inflation) tends to have slightly negative correlation with equities.

How to buy
The Treasury Department sells TIPS a few times a year through auctions. After the auction, TIPS trade on the secondary market. You can buy TIPS at the time of the auction or you can buy on the secondary market at any time. You can also buy TIPS through a mutual fund or ETF.

At auction
Note: ''The Treasury auction process is not unique to TIPS. The following few paragraphs should be moved to a new article about buying Treasury notes at auction.''

At this time, TIPS are issued in January, April, July and October. The auction dates are published in the Tentative Treasury Auction Schedule. A few days before the auction date, the Treasury Department also publishes a formal announcement. The announcement includes details of the security being offered. If it's a new issue, both the price and the coupon interest rate will be determined by the auction. The coupon rate is set to nearest 0.125% below the high yield from the auction. If it's a re-opening, the coupon interest rate is already known. The auction will set the yield which in turn determines the price. This online spreadsheet can help you estimate the dollars needed for buying one bond at auction.

After the announcement date but before the auction cutoff time, retail investors can place auction orders through TreasuryDirect or through a brokerage account. TreasuryDirect charges no fee but it only handles taxable accounts. If you want to buy in an IRA, you must use a brokerage account, which can also handle taxable accounts. As of September 2008, Fidelity and Schwab charge no fee for TIPS auction orders placed online. Vanguard Brokerage Services charges $10 for online orders unless you are a Voyager client or above (having more than $100,000 invested with Vanguard).

After the auction, the Treasury Department makes another announcement for the auction result. The settlement date is at least one day after the auction date. You must have enough cash available on the settlement date to pay for the bonds.

On secondary market
You can also buy TIPS at any time on the secondary market through a brokerage account. The prices from the brokers include a markup over what institutions pay for larger trades. Some brokers also charge a separate commission on top of the markup. TreasuryDirect does not handle secondary market purchases; you have to transfer your bonds to a brokerage and sell them there.

The following links show some current TIPS pricing and real yields available in the secondary market.


 * Treasury Inflation Protected Securities: WSJ Market Watch
 * Fidelity

Through a mutual Fund or ETF
Buying TIPS through a mutual fund or ETF gives an investor a diversified portfolio of TIPS of different maturities. Buying through a mutual fund or ETF also makes it easier for tax reporting and reinvesting interest payments.The fact that a mutual fund or ETF distributes both the interest income and inflation adjustment of an inflation-indexed bond as income distributions brings the following cautions to mind:
 * 1) An investor desiring inflation protection of principal must reinvest the inflation adjusted principle distribution back into the fund.
 * 2) The inflation/deflation principal adjustment results in considerable variance in fund income dividend distribution.

For more information on buying individual bonds or a bond fund, see Individual bonds vs a bond fund.

Popular TIPS mutual fund and ETF choices include:

Tax considerations
TIPS are not tax efficient. Both the inflation adjustment to principal and the interest payments are taxable as ordinary income for federal income tax. They are tax exempt for state and local income tax. It is often suggested that TIPS be held in a tax deferred or tax free account. If you must hold inflation indexed bonds in a taxable account, you may also consider I savings bonds.

If you hold individual TIPS in a taxable account, both the inflation adjustment to principal and the interest payments are taxable as ordinary income for federal income tax, although the bonds do not pay out the inflation adjustment to principal until the maturity date. This problem of paying taxes on income not received until a future date is often referred to as the "phantom income" problem. You must figure out how to report taxable income on your own using the 1099 forms you receive from TreasuryDirect or your brokerage firm.

If you hold TIPS through a mutual fund or ETF in a taxable account, the mutual fund or ETF will figure out and distribute the taxable income to you as dividends. Tax reporting is similar to other Treasury bond funds.

Current and historical yield and pricing data

 * U.S. Treasury, Daily Treasury Real Yield Curve Rates - Real Constant Maturity Treasury rates for 5-, 7-, 10- and 20-year TIPS; updated daily.
 * RSS feed created by TFB using XML data
 * Historical Data since 2003
 * Vanguard, Bond Yields - Current yield data for nominal Treasury, TIPS, agency, muni, and corporate bonds. Updated at least daily.
 * Wall Street Journal, Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities - Yields and price updated daily. Includes adjusted principal values.
 * Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, graph and data for 5-year, 10-year, and 20-year TIPS constant maturity yield; updated daily with a 1-day delay.

Historical returns
The table below provides annual returns for US Treasury Inflation Protected Securities as measured by Barclays Capital US Treasury Inflation Protected Index and, for short term TIPS, the Barclays US 0-5 Year TIPS Index and the BofA Merrill Lynch 1-5 Year U.S. Inflation-Linked Treasury Index. The figure to the right shows the breakdown of annual return components- real yields, inflation adjustments to principal, and price changes- for the Barclays US Treasury Inflation Protected Index.

Why is the yield negative?
TIPS may sometimes report a negative yield to maturity.

A bond's yield to maturity can be thought of as the interest rate a savings account would have to pay in order for you to end up with the same amount of money at the time the bond matures.

For example, you buy a nominal bond for $1,000 with a 2% coupon paid annually that matures in one year. At that time you'll receive $20 in interest plus $1,000 in principal for a total of $1,020. This is the same as you'd get from a savings account paying 2% compounded annually.

But say that because of market conditions, you'd have to pay $1,005 for the same bond. After one year, you will still receive $1,020. What is the equivalent savings account interest rate? It would be:


 * 1.49% = ($1,020 / $1,005) - 1

Now assume market conditions are such that the price of the bond is $1,025. What savings account interest rate would make $1,025 "grow" to $1,020 in one year? It would have to be a negative interest rate. In this case:


 * -0.49% = ($1,020 / $1,025) - 1

Savings accounts and nominal bonds rarely pay a negative interest rate.

But, TIPS are more likely to have a negative real yield to maturity because investors know they will get an additional return to compensate for inflation.

Assume the bond costing $1,025 were a TIPS and that the CPI increases 3% during the year. The investor will get $1,051 = ($1,020 X 1.03) a year from now so he will have a positive nominal return.

Forum discussions

 * Tips yield [How can the yield be negative?]

Investment company papers

 * Allianz-PIMCO, "A Guide to Global Inflation-Linked Bonds"
 * TIAA-CREF, Inflation-Linked Bonds: Powerful Portfolio Diversifier
 * Vanguard, TIPS: Inflation protection still has risks
 * Vanguard, The long and short of TIPS