Matching strategy

If you want to meet a financial target with near certainty you need to use matching strategies. This cannot be done with stocks or mutual funds, because they do not have specific maturity dates. It must be done with fixed income investments or insurance type products. So for the money you ‘must’ have, use matching strategies and fixed income. For the money you would ‘like’ to have, use diversification and risky assets.

Matching strategies only work with fixed income and insurance products. There must be a known maturity date for the asset so the timing of the asset and liability can be matched. Stocks and mutual funds cannot be used in matching strategies.

In retirement planning use matching strategies for the retirement money you must have. Use portfolio diversification strategies for the remaining money you would like to have. Matching strategies are very safe, but offer little or no upside potential. Diversification strategies are risky, but offer relatively high expected returns and lots of upside potential.

An important reason that matching strategies are safer is because typically they use hedging to mitigate risk. By hedging risk you are protected against both non-market and market (systemic) risk. Portfolio strategies mitigate risk thru diversification. By definition diversification can only protect you against non-market risk. A well diversified portfolio of risky assets provides no protection against market risk.

Matching strategy examples
An example of a matching strategy is purchasing a zero coupon nominal Treasury to pay off your mortgage balance in your targeted retirement year. A higher return would likely be obtained by simply paying down the mortgage, but this must be weighed against the liquidity provided by the maturing bond.

There are several matching strategies to meet college costs.
 * College pre-paid tuition programs
 * CollegeSure CD's, offered in the Montana and Arizona 529 plans.

A bequest matching strategy is whole life insurance with the heir as beneficiary. For some one who actually lives 25 years or more in retirement a combination of a life annuity and whole life may provide both a higher living standard to the retiree and a larger bequest to the heir than a diversification strategy based on SWR (Safe Withdrawal Rate) rules. In any event such a strategy greatly decreases the uncertainty of outcomes to both compared to a diversification strategy.

Matching strategies for retirement planning
There are many retirement matching strategies. Here is a list of some major ones.
 * Social Security
 * Medicare
 * Pension
 * Life Annuity (particularly inflation-adjusted)
 * Medigap insurance
 * LTCi (Long Term Care insurance)
 * TIPS ladder
 * Zero coupon Treasury to pay off mortgage balance in target retirement year

It is important to think in terms of product diversification and allocation. Instead of just focusing on investment diversification (stocks and bonds), manage retirement living standard risk by hedging, insuring, and diversifying. For example:

Diversification of an investment portfolio cannot diversify away market risk, which leaves you with considerable risk exposure in the form of market risk.

Hedging and insuring have greater risk reduction. But, unlike portfolio diversification, hedging offers no upside potential. Also, there is less upside potential with insuring than there is with diversification. Hedging and insuring locks you into part of your retirement income; while portfolio diversification does not.

Matching strategies as related to economic principles
Below is a link to a (very short) paper that puts matching strategies in context with the fundamental principles of economics.


 * A Note on Economic Principles and Financial Literacy (if the Download does not work with Firefox, use Internet Explorer)

Abstract: Finance is a branch of economics that deals with budgeting, saving, investing, borrowing, lending, insuring, diversifying, and matching. In setting standards of financial literacy we ought to make sure they are consistent with the basic principles taught in economics courses.