Passive foreign investment company

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Passive Foreign Investment Companies (PFICs) are investment vehicles classified under U.S. Code: Title 26 - Internal Revenue Code, such as mutual funds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), which are not registered with the US Securities Exchange Commission (SEC). Under the U.S. Code, the term "passive foreign investment company" means any foreign corporation if—
 * 1) 75 percent or more of the gross income of such corporation for the taxable year is passive income, or
 * 2) The average percentage of assets (as determined in accordance with subsection (e)) held by such corporation during the taxable year which produce passive income or which are held for the production of passive income is at least 50 percent.

In practice, this definition captures nearly all funds and ETFs commonly used by investors in countries other than the US. This makes these funds a potential tax trap for US citizens living abroad, and also for non-US citizens living temporarily in the US and other US residents.

Although the taxation on these funds under US law can be extremely unfavorable, and is described as having the potential to "potentially consume most of the return on investment," there is flexibility in the taxation method that may prove beneficial in some circumstances.

IRS filing overview
PFICs require the submission of IRS Form 8621 (Information Return by a Shareholder of a Passive Foreign Investment Company or Qualified Electing Fund) with one's tax return, which can be an extremely time consuming task, particularly if many investments are involved (as each investment requires its own Form 8621 submission).

Form 8621 filing options
On Form 8621, PFICs may be treated in one of three ways:


 * 1) Section 1291 taxation (this is the default taxation method); or
 * 2) A mark to market election; or
 * 3) A Qualified Electing Fund (QEF) election.

If no choice is made on a timely filed (including extensions) tax return for the year that the investment is made, section 1291 is valid for this and all future years. The only way to change this is to "purge" the PFIC.

Section 1291 taxation
Section 1291 of the U.S. Code is the tax rule which gives the particularly unfavorable treatment. "Ordinary" distributions are taxed as dividends. Any distribution which is more than 125% of the average for the previous three years is considered an "excess" distribution, as is any gain received on the sale. Excess distributions are treated as if they were prorated over the entire holding period, and for previous years it is taxed at the maximum personal tax rate for that year, not the taxpayer's personal rate, plus interest at the normal rate on tax underpayments. Losses cannot be deducted against the excess distributions on sales with gains; they would be deducted only as regular capital losses.

Because of the interest, the effective tax rate on the gain from a long-term holding could reach or even exceed 100%.

Mark to market
For mark to market, the investment needs to be marketable and on a qualified exchange. Presumably all major exchanges qualify. Each year the gains - whether realized or unrealized - are treated as ordinary income; losses up to the value of accumulated gains are also ordinary income (losses). Losses greater than the gains are not claimed in that tax year, but will reduce gains in future years.

To say this another way, the value of the fund at the end of the year determines your taxable gain or loss. By simply holding the fund, you are taxed on the unrealized gain.

Therefore, the PFIC fundholder, in contrast to the typical mutual fund holder in SEC-registered funds held outside a tax-advantaged account, suffers two major tax disadvantages:


 * 1) Ordinary vs capital gains treatment; and
 * 2) Taxation each year on unrealized capital gains within the underlying fund

Each block of shares purchased at a different time needs to be accounted for and reported separately – "This becomes tedious and overwhelming when the fund reinvests dividends monthly to purchase more shares," but for many buy and hold strategies this would not involve significant record keeping. Mark to market therefore taxes at your rate of ordinary income, rather than at the rates of capital gains and dividends (which are often, but not always, lower).

For a US citizen working and living in a high tax country (for example, a large part of Western Europe), the higher rate of local income tax can provide sufficient tax credits to cover a large investment gain without any US taxes. This brings an additional advantage that, upon eventual return to the United States, the investment can immediately be sold with no capital gain, as the gains have already been marked to market.

Qualified Electing Fund
In many cases, a Qualified Electing Fund is the best option. From the IRS:

However, you must pay interest to the IRS if you elect to extend the time for payment.

The QEF approach is basically the same as how the IRS taxes US mutual funds. In order to follow the QEF method, information similar to a mutual fund 1099 form is required. The best way is for the foreign fund to provide this information (typically in what is called a "PFIC Annual Information Statement"). Many Canadian funds do this, but as of 2021 there appear to be no examples of European based funds providing this information. If the investor can gather the proper information, this would be acceptable, but perhaps difficult to accomplish in practice.

Until European funds provide these PFIC statements, mark to market might often be preferable for US persons resident in Europe -- especially given the differential on tax rates in many European countries.

Mark to market will usually also be preferable for non-US citizens living in the US, perhaps temporarily, and who still hold non-US domiciled funds from before they became US residents.

US pensions
The PFIC tax rules do not apply to PFIC stocks held in a few US tax-deferred account types, primarily IRAs and 401ks. From IRS Notice 2014-28:

And from Form 8621 instructions:

Non-US pensions covered by treaty
Additionally, PFIC tax rules do not apply to PFIC stocks held inside certain non-US pension funds, where these pension funds are covered by a US income tax treaty. From the Federal Register:

This exception is narrowly drawn. It only covers non-US pensions that are covered by treaty, but many treaties do not cover pensions. In addition, although some non-US accounts can be used as effectively a retirement savings account, any non-US accounts that are not pension funds under the treaty definition are not exempt from PFIC reporting. Examples include UK Individual Savings Accounts (ISA), Canadian Tax-Free Savings Accounts (TFSA), and French Assurance-vie and Plan d'Épargne en Actions accounts.

For US citizens living abroad
Due to tax constraints, US citizens living abroad cannot simply invest in local funds as they would in the US, and need to find the best solution for their personal situation.

One option is to invest in local funds while electing the mark to market or QEF option. If this is not preferred, PFIC issues can be avoided only by investing through SEC-registered investment vehicles (which may in turn incur tax problems with the local tax authorities), or else through individual stocks and bonds.

For a discussion of how to invest using individual stocks, see the Wiki page on passively managing individual stocks.

For US residents
People who immigrate or relocate to the US often still hold funds in their previous country of residence. Or, they may make investments into funds in those countries even after becoming US residents. These will almost certainly be PFICs, making them subject to all of the US tax difficulties outlined above.

The usual best course of action is to sell these holdings as soon as possible. Ideally, they should be sold well before moving to the US, to avoid all interactions with the PFIC tax rules. Otherwise, or if selling is not an option, the mark to market rules will generally be the least bad choice, because few if any funds will provide the information required for QEF.