Investing from the UK

 is written for UK tax-resident investors. It suggests some approaches and funds that you can use to invest in a similar way to that outlined in the Bogleheads' Guide To Investing. The book contains sample US portfolios for investors of different ages, and which use different stock market and bond mutual funds, most or all of which are unavailable to UK investors. This article offers ideas for how you can create UK versions of these sample portfolios.

This article is not intended for 'US taxable persons'. This includes US citizens in the UK, even if they are also UK (or any other non-US) citizens, for example dual UK/US citizens and 'accidental Americans'. It also includes US 'green card' holders, even if the card has expired for immigration purposes. If you are subject to US tax laws you should not follow the suggested approaches shown below, but should instead see the article specific to your situation.

General approach
The funds listed below are low cost indexed funds. In the UK these can be unit trusts, Open-Ended Investment Companies (OEICS), or Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs). Although most UK investing is through platforms, a few UK based companies offer low cost indexed unit trusts directly as well as through platforms. Vanguard, HSBC Asset Management, Fidelity, and Legal and General all offer funds with low expense ratios. Vanguard's UK web site offers Vanguard UK funds directly, as do many IFAs and most investment platforms. There are few indexed bond funds, but iShares and Vanguard both offer bond ETFs. Investment platforms may have a fee for fund transactions.

For investors, unit trusts and OEICs work identically. Both are broadly categorised as "funds' to distinguish them from ETFs. Over time, many unit trusts have converted to the newer OEIC legal structure. Some investment platforms charge more for funds than for ETFs but offer free fund trading; others charge the same, but have a fund trading fee.

You can only purchase ETFs through a broker or investment platform, and there is usually a per transaction cost. However, there can be a useful saving in trading costs where a platform offers a regular purchase feature.

You can find full fund and ETF details, including factsheets and annual reports, at sites such as Morningstar, Financial Times Funds, and Trustnet.

Funds and ETFs
The following are some examples of low cost indexed funds and ETFs, but you should not regard these lists as complete.

UK funds usually use the term ongoing charge, often abbreviated to OCF, to mean the fund's expense ratio. The links to funds below generally reference income or distributing share classes, but for most funds, and some ETFs, accumulation share classes will also be available (see the Taxes section for more). Any fund that describes itself as a tracker is simply one that tracks a given index (an 'index fund', in other words).

Stocks
To be properly diversified, you could pair UK FTSE 100 or FTSE 250 indexed funds with a world indexed fund or a selection of regional non-UK funds. UK stocks are a component of most world funds, and this creates an overlap if combined with UK funds. An ex-UK world fund can reduce this problem.

UK stock indexes
This section suggests funds that cover the entire UK stock market to maximise diversification. If you want more fine-grained choices, see the Advanced funds section.

Ex-UK and global indexes
These funds cover wider stock markets. Global indexes cover the world's markets, including a UK component. Ex-UK funds cover stock markets except for the UK, and are useful for combining with UK index funds to achieve your own choice of home bias.

Developed world indices track about 85% of the world's market by excluding emerging markets. This makes them cheaper funds than a full world tracker.

UK bonds
Some UK investors prefer bond funds that are denominated in pound sterling. 'Gilts' refers to bonds issues by the UK government. UK government bonds that provide inflation-linked returns are 'index linked gilts'. Non-government bonds are usually called 'corporate bonds'.

Global bonds
Vanguard recommends using global bond funds that hedge to local currency, in this case, pound sterling (GBP). This choice maximises diversification of bond exposure, and helps to reduce fluctuation caused by currency movements.

All-in-one funds
Vanguard offers a range of "LifeStrategy" funds that automatically rebalance across asset classes. These offer a single fund, but well diversified, portfolio.

Sample portfolios
Listed below are UK equivalents to some of the sample asset allocations outlined in the Bogleheads' Guide To Investing. These are appropriate for different stages in life. "Home country bias" describes some investors' preference for investing in local markets over non-local ones.

Implementation
You can use the low cost funds and ETFs listed earlier to create a portfolio that matches your selected asset allocation. If a portfolio uses a world fund or ETF that includes UK stocks (one that is not ex-UK) there will be some overlap in the funds, and you need to slightly adjust the allocations to each fund to compensate. The UK accounts for around 5% of the MSCI World Index.

You can also 'synthesize' a global fund by combining appropriate regional funds. For example, mixing 66% US fund, 18% Europe ex-UK fund, 9% Japan fund, and 7% Far East ex-Japan fund approximates a World ex-UK fund. This combination sometimes has an expense ratio lower than that of the global fund it replaces.

If a "LifeStrategy" fund has an asset allocation that is close to your selected asset location, you could use a single "LifeStrategy" fund, or a combination of these funds, instead of multiple funds covering different asset classes. These funds have the added advantage that they rebalance automatically.

A brokerage account or fund platform is often the simplest way for you to easily purchase and hold unit trusts and ETFs. A discount brokerage (sometimes also known as an execution-only stockbroker) is a good choice, and there are several low-cost and online discount brokerages operating in the UK. Vanguard, Hargreaves Lansdown, AJ Bell, Interactive Investor and Halifax Sharedealing (including its iWeb and Lloyds Sharedealing Direct divisions) are popular ones, and all of these offer extensive ranges of unit trusts, OEICs, and ETFs. For people with international lifestyles, Interactive Brokers (IBKR UK) can be a useful choice.

If you do not mind being restricted to ETFs (that is, no unit trusts or OEICs), you have a wider choice of low cost online brokers. As well as the platforms listed above, InvestEngine, Freetrade, Dodl, Plum, Nutmeg, Degiro, X-O, and Trading212 are all alternative options. Some of these offer free trading, but all of them make money somewhere. Zero-commission brokers usually make money from spreads or cross-selling other services.

Neither of the brokerage lists above is exhaustive. Monevator maintains a useful broker comparison table.

Taxes
For the UK, some of the tax management strategies mentioned in the Bogleheads' Guide To Investing and other US literature are irrelevant. UK and EU funds do not pass capital gains on to you, and you are not liable for capital gains tax on unit trusts or ETFs until you sell, so there are no UK 'tax managed' funds.

You have an annual capital gains tax allowance, which means that rebalancing is often possible at no tax cost, even if some gains have no offsetting losses. You can set capital losses against capital gains but not against ordinary income tax, so you get no special advantage from tax loss harvesting. Your cannot carry your capital gains allowance across tax years, so you should try to use as much of it as is possible, up to the limit, by realizing gains where appropriate. Once you have realised a gain on a sale, you cannot repurchase the same holding within 30 days, but you can purchase a similar (but not identical) replacement.

You do not need to closely consider timing unit trust or OEIC purchases around ex-dividend dates. Where you hold fund units for less than the dividend period, some of the next dividend paid is classified as an 'equalisation'. This is a return of capital, and you are not liable for tax on this portion of the dividend.

Most unit trusts and OEICs and some ETFs provide two distinct types of units or classes of share: accumulation (or accumulating), and income or distributing. Accumulation units or shares retain dividend distributions within the unit price, in effect automatically reinvesting them. Income and distributing units or shares pay out dividends as cash. The tax treatment of both paid and accumulated dividends is identical for a UK investor.

As a general rule, you might prefer income units or shares in ordinary taxable accounts, so that dividends can be used for rebalancing without the complicated capital gains tax calculations that arise from sales, and also avoid potential cash-flow problems where tax becomes due on accumulated (but not yet received) dividends. Accumulation units or shares are most useful for long-term holdings in a pension or ISA wrapper, where capital gains tax is not a problem.

If you hold hold ETFs or non-UK domiciled unit trusts or OEICs outside of tax-sheltered wrappers, you need to be aware of the potential for "Excess Reportable Income" (ERI). This is undistributed income that is nevertheless deemed to be UK taxable. Amounts are often, but not always, relatively small, and sometimes difficult to uncover. ERI is not a problem in a pension or ISA wrapper.

Outside tax-sheltered wrappers, dividends paid by Ireland and other non-UK domiciled UCITS funds and ETFs are classified as foreign dividends. This can lead to a difference in the way you handle these dividends for tax reporting, although generally no difference to your final and actual tax liability.

Pension and ISA wrappers
The portfolios outlined above, and the example funds and ETFs listed, work equally well both for ordinary and for tax advantaged investments. Tax advantaged investments in the UK are, most commonly, pensions (including both employer and UK personal pensions) and UK Individual Savings Accounts (ISAs).

For ISAs, you can hold funds or ETFs inside a self-select ISA wrapper. Almost all discount brokerages or fund platforms offer these wrappers, and they usually operate like a normal trading account with a few added features and limitations (for example, a limit on the total amount that can be contributed in a single year, in line with annual ISA allowances).

For pension savings, a you can hold funds or ETFs inside a Self Invested Personal Pension (SIPP) wrapper. Many of the usual discount brokerages offering trading and ISA accounts also offer SIPP accounts, and though there may be a few extra restrictions on what investments you can hold, SIPP wrappers generally operate like both ordinary trading accounts and ISA wrappers.

For account balances where a SIPP is impractical, you might instead use a personal pension scheme or a stakeholder pension scheme. These usually offer a limited range of funds, and have capped fee structures. These pensions are generally not as flexible as a SIPP, but can be cost effective for low balances when weighed against annual SIPP administration fees. The funds listed above may not be available directly from these plans, but you can usually find perfectly acceptable substitute index and tracker funds in them.

Fidelity, Hargreaves Lansdown, AJ Bell, Interactive Investor, and Halifax Sharedealing (including its iWeb division) all offer both offer ISA and SIPP wrappers. Vanguard also offers ISA and SIPP wrappers, but unlike other platforms, it restricts investment choices to only Vanguard's own funds and ETFs. Lloyds Sharedealing Direct offers ISA wrappers but not SIPPs.

Interactive Brokers (IBKR UK) offers both SIPP accounts and ISA accounts.

Advanced funds and ETFs
If you are looking for more fine-grained control over your investments, beyond the suggested three or four fund portfolios, this list may be useful. (It is not well maintained, so it may be better to research separately at other websites.)

The UK stock market splits broadly into the large-cap FTSE 100 Index and mid-cap FTSE 250 Index. It is significantly smaller than the US and not as diversified. For example, three companies (Shell, BP and HSBC) comprise nearly 25% of the FTSE 100 Index.

Web sites and discussion forums

 * Morningstar, UK fund and ETF information and research
 * Financial Times Funds, provides comprehensive fund and ETF information
 * Trustnet, fund and ETF information
 * The Lemon Fool, Shares, Investment and Personal Finance Discussion Forums
 * MoneySavingExpert, comprehensive money information, includes a discussion forum
 * Monevator, blog site focused on index and passive investing