View source

{{Expand}}

==History==

:*Charles Dow and the [http://www.djindexes.com/mdsidx/downloads/DJIA_Hist_Comp.pdf Dow Jones Average] (July 3, 1884).

:*Alfred Cowles [http://history.technicalanalysis.org.uk/Cowl33.pdf Can Stock Market Forecasters Forecast?] ''Econometrica'' Volume 1, Issue 3, (July, 1933) pp. 309-324. [http://www.jstor.org/pss/1825665 Cowles Commission Indexes] the forerunners of the S&P 500 Index.

:*1957: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S&P_500#History S&P 500 Index] created

:*01/02/1969: [http://www.msci.com/licensing/eafe_factsheet.pdf MSCI EAFE Index] created

:*1974: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilshire_5000 Wilshire 5000 Index] created

:*1973-1974: The first [http://finance.yahoo.com/funds/how_to_choose/article/100571/The_History_of_the_Index_Fund  institutional indexes] based on the S&P 500 index were launched.

:*08/31/1976: [https://personal.vanguard.com/us/funds/snapshot?FundId=0040&FundIntExt=INT Vanguard 500 Index Fund] was launched.

:*1984: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Indexes#History Russell Indexes] created.

:*01/01/1986: [http://www.lehman.com/fi/indices/pdf/US_Aggregate_Index.pdf  Lehman Brothers US Aggregate Bond Index] was created.

:*12/11/1986: [https://personal.vanguard.com/us/funds/snapshot?FundId=0084&FundIntExt=INT Vanguard Total Bond Market Index Fund] was launched.

:*08/17/1989 [https://personal.vanguard.com/us/funds/snapshot?FundId=0048&FundIntExt=INT Vanguard Small-Cap Index Fund] was created by converting Naess & Thomas Special Fund into an index fund based on the Russell 2000 Index.

:*03/1990: Toronto Stock Exchange's [http://www.investmentreview.com/archives/1999/fall/fieldnotes3.html Toronto Index Participation Shares] (TIPS), based on the Toronto 35 Index (ETF) launched. 

:*06/18/1990: [https://personal.vanguard.com/us/funds/snapshot?FundId=0079&FundIntExt=INT Vanguard European Stock Index Fund] and [https://personal.vanguard.com/us/funds/snapshot?FundId=0072&FundIntExt=INT Vanguard Pacific Stock Index Fund] were launched.

:*04/27/1992: [https://personal.vanguard.com/us/funds/snapshot?FundId=0085&FundIntExt=INT Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund] was launched.

:*01/1993: [http://www.etfguide.com/exchangetradedfunds.htm Standard & Poor's Depository Receipts] (SPDRS ETF) launched.

:*1996: WEBS international ETFs launched (later to evolve into iShares)

:*[http://www.ici.org/highlights/etfs_04_09 Exchange Traded Funds Monthly Statistics]

==Papers==
:*[[John Bogle| Bogle, John C.]] [http://www.vanguard.com/bogle_site/sp2004AIMRefficientMrkts.html Whether Markets are More Efficient or Less Efficient, Costs Matter]  From the Nov-Dec 2003 issue of CFA Magazine

:*[[Fama, Eugene F.]], "Market Efficiency, Long-Term Returns, and Behavioral Finance "(February 1997). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=15108 or DOI:  10.2139/ssrn.10.2139/ssrn.15108

:*[[Lo, Andrew|Lo, Andrew W.]], "Efficient Markets Hypothesis". THE NEW PALGRAVE: A DICTIONARY OF ECONOMICS, L. Blume, S. Durlauf, eds., 2nd Edition, Palgrave Macmillan Ltd., 2007. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=991509

{{Footer}}

[[Category:Indexing]]